JKY 1 kV Aerial Insulated Cable: Reliable Overhead Power Distribution for Demanding Outdoor Applications

Low-voltage overhead distribution systems require cable products that combine electrical efficiency, mechanical reliability, weather resistance, and installation flexibility. The JKY flexible installation aerial insulated cable rated at 1 kV and below is designed to meet these requirements through a copper conductor and cross-linked polyethylene insulation system. It is suitable for urban distribution networks, industrial parks, rural power grids, mining areas, and other outdoor applications where dependable low-voltage power transmission is essential.

Unlike bare overhead conductors, this cable provides an insulated current-carrying system that improves protection against accidental contact, environmental exposure, and short-distance phase-to-ground faults. Compared with many conventional polyethylene-insulated products, the use of XLPE provides improved thermal performance, higher operating temperature capability, and stronger resistance to mechanical and environmental stresses. The result is a practical overhead cable solution for projects requiring long service life, straightforward maintenance, and stable operation in changing outdoor conditions.

The product is available as a single-core cable with solid or stranded copper conductors and cross-sectional areas from 10 mm² to 400 mm². Its rated voltage is 0.6/1 kV, while its long-term operating temperature range extends from -40°C to +90°C. The insulation is normally black for outdoor durability and ultraviolet protection, although other colors can be customized for phase identification and project-specific requirements.

Product Overview and Operating Purpose

The JKY cable is an aerial insulated cable intended for low-voltage overhead power distribution. Its basic construction consists of a copper conductor surrounded by cross-linked polyethylene insulation. Depending on the required conductor size and installation conditions, the conductor may be manufactured as a solid or stranded type. Stranded construction is particularly suitable when greater flexibility is needed during routing, corner wiring, or installation across irregular spans.

With a rated voltage of 0.6/1 kV, the cable is designed for electrical distribution systems operating at 1 kV and below. It can be used in new construction, network expansion, replacement projects, and renovation of existing overhead lines. The insulated construction reduces the exposure of the energized conductor to the surrounding environment and supports safer installation in locations where bare conductors may present additional clearance or contact risks.

The cable is suitable for conventional overhead installation and can also be manufactured in self-supporting configurations that include a messenger wire. These configurations can be selected when the cable route requires additional mechanical support or when the distribution system has particular span, tension, or suspension requirements. Matching tension clamps and suspension clamps are recommended to maintain correct mechanical loading and prevent damage to the insulation during service.

Outdoor distribution cables must remain stable despite sunlight, rain, humidity, temperature variation, wind, and occasional mechanical movement. The JKY design addresses these conditions through an XLPE insulation layer with weather resistance, ultraviolet resistance, and environmental stress cracking resistance. These features are especially important for cables installed for many years without continuous physical protection from conduits or enclosures.

Key Construction Features

Copper Conductor for Efficient Power Transmission

The conductor is made from copper, a material widely selected for power cables because of its low electrical resistivity, reliable conductivity, and strong connection performance. Copper enables efficient transmission of electrical power while helping control voltage drop in correctly designed distribution circuits. It also provides good compatibility with commonly used cable terminals, lugs, connectors, and overhead accessories.

The conductor can be supplied in solid or stranded form. Solid conductors offer a simple and compact construction, while stranded conductors provide improved handling characteristics and greater flexibility. For routes involving corner wiring, moderate movement, or more demanding installation geometry, a stranded conductor can make cable positioning easier and reduce installation stress.

Conductor cross-sections range from 10 mm² to 400 mm². This broad selection allows engineers to select a suitable cable according to load current, allowable voltage drop, route length, installation conditions, ambient temperature, and future expansion requirements. Proper sizing remains essential because cable performance depends not only on the conductor area but also on support spacing, grouping, environmental conditions, and the protection system.

Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation

The insulation is made from cross-linked polyethylene, commonly known as XLPE. Cross-linking changes the physical structure of polyethylene and improves its resistance to heat and deformation. This enables the cable to maintain stable insulation performance under higher operating temperatures than many general-purpose thermoplastic insulation systems.

XLPE insulation provides a long-term operating temperature of up to 90°C under the specified conditions. During a short circuit, the conductor temperature may reach up to 250°C for a maximum duration of five seconds, subject to appropriate system protection and installation design. The higher thermal capability gives the cable useful overload tolerance and supports reliable operation during temporary abnormal load conditions.

The insulation thickness ranges from 0.7 mm to 2.0 mm depending on the conductor cross-section. This construction is designed to balance electrical insulation performance, mechanical protection, cable weight, and installation flexibility. The insulation resistance is specified at not less than 500 MΩ·km at 20°C, supporting dependable dielectric performance when the cable is correctly manufactured, installed, and maintained.

Outdoor-Optimized Insulation Surface

The insulation is normally supplied in black. Black insulation is commonly used for outdoor cables because it provides a practical surface for long-term exposure to sunlight and helps support ultraviolet resistance. Other insulation colors can be produced when phase identification, system organization, or customer specifications require them.

The specified outdoor insulation ultraviolet resistance rating is at least Grade 7. This feature helps reduce degradation caused by long-term solar exposure. The cable also demonstrates resistance to moisture and environmental stress cracking, which is important in regions exposed to rain, condensation, humidity, freeze-thaw cycles, and changing temperatures.

A water resistance requirement is also specified. After 24 hours of immersion, the insulation resistance change rate is limited to 15% or less. This requirement supports confidence in the insulation system when the cable experiences temporary wet conditions or high humidity during its service life.

JKY Flexible installation Aerial Insulated Cable Rated 1KV and Below

Advantages Compared with Conventional Overhead Cable Options

Improved Protection Compared with Bare Conductors

A major advantage of an insulated overhead cable is the additional separation between the energized conductor and the surrounding environment. Bare conductors can be more vulnerable to accidental contact, vegetation contact, contamination, and certain types of short circuits. An insulated cable does not eliminate the need for correct clearances, support hardware, grounding, and electrical protection, but it provides an additional protective layer for the conductor.

This characteristic is useful in urban and semi-urban distribution systems where available space may be limited and where overhead lines pass near buildings, roads, trees, industrial facilities, and other infrastructure. The insulated design can simplify certain routing challenges while helping distribution operators maintain a more controlled installation environment.

Higher Thermal Capability than Basic Polyethylene Systems

Traditional polyethylene insulation can be economical and suitable for general applications, but XLPE provides a higher temperature capability and better resistance to thermal deformation. With a specified long-term operating temperature of 90°C, the JKY cable offers a useful advantage where sustained loading, elevated ambient temperature, or temporary overload conditions must be considered.

The higher thermal rating can support better utilization of the conductor within the limits of the complete electrical design. It may also provide greater operating margin in applications where load growth is expected. Engineering calculations should still be completed for every project, because current-carrying capacity depends on installation arrangement, ambient temperature, solar radiation, support conditions, and applicable local requirements.

Balanced Flexibility and Mechanical Strength

The cable is designed for flexible installation while maintaining the mechanical strength needed for overhead routing. A stranded copper conductor can be easier to handle than a rigid solid conductor, particularly where the cable must be guided around corners or connected to overhead fittings. The insulation also contributes to resistance against cracking and environmental damage.

The specified minimum bending radius is eight times the cable outer diameter during installation and twelve times the outer diameter during operation. Following these limits helps prevent excessive mechanical stress in the conductor and insulation. Correct bending practices are important for all overhead cables, particularly during pulling, positioning, tensioning, and final connection.

Practical Outdoor Weather Resistance

Outdoor cables face more than electrical stress. They are exposed to ultraviolet radiation, moisture, wind movement, temperature changes, pollution, and mechanical vibration. The JKY insulation system is designed with weather resistance and UV resistance to support long-term outdoor use.

The operating temperature range of -40°C to +90°C allows the cable to be considered for a wide range of climates. This range is relevant to cold winter environments, hot summer regions, and locations where daily temperature fluctuations are significant. The product is specified for installation at altitudes of up to 1,000 meters under the stated application conditions.

Convenient Maintenance and Fault Management

Overhead lines are generally more accessible for visual inspection and repair than buried systems. When the cable is installed with suitable supports and correctly identified phase conductors, maintenance personnel can inspect the route, hardware, connection points, and visible insulation condition without extensive excavation.

The product information identifies fault location and repair as relatively straightforward advantages of the installation type. However, all inspection, testing, and repair work must be completed by qualified personnel using appropriate isolation, verification, and safety procedures. Accessibility should never replace formal electrical safety controls.

Electrical and Mechanical Performance

The electrical specifications show that the cable is designed as a low-voltage distribution product rather than a medium-voltage transmission cable. Its rated voltage, insulation construction, and test voltage are appropriate for systems at 1 kV and below. The 3.5 kV AC test for five minutes provides a defined verification of the insulation system during production testing.

The short-circuit temperature specification must be understood together with the five-second duration. It is not an indication that the cable should operate continuously at 250°C. Instead, it defines a temporary thermal withstand condition during a short-circuit event before protective devices interrupt the fault. System designers must coordinate conductor size, short-circuit current, protective device clearing time, and installation conditions.

The outer diameter tolerance of ±10% allows for normal manufacturing variation related to conductor size, insulation thickness, and production conditions. Cable glands, clamps, suspension fittings, termination accessories, and connection components should be selected using the actual supplied cable dimensions and the applicable accessory manufacturer’s recommendations.

Application Areas

Urban Distribution Networks

Urban and suburban distribution systems often require reliable power delivery within restricted corridors. Buildings, streets, trees, communication lines, and other utilities can make route planning complex. An insulated overhead cable can help improve conductor protection and support orderly routing where a bare conductor system may be less suitable.

The cable can be used for low-voltage feeders, service extensions, distribution branches, and network upgrades, subject to the local utility design and installation requirements. Its black UV-resistant insulation is suitable for visible outdoor exposure, while custom colors can assist with phase identification in organized multi-phase installations.

Industrial Parks and Manufacturing Sites

Industrial parks may require overhead distribution routes between substations, production buildings, warehouses, pumping stations, and utility structures. Loads can vary significantly during production cycles, and temporary increases in demand may occur during motor starting or equipment operation. The XLPE insulation system and copper conductor provide a practical combination for these low-voltage power routes.

Industrial applications also benefit from the cable’s resistance to weather and environmental stress. Nevertheless, projects located near chemicals, oils, high levels of dust, or unusual heat sources should include a specific compatibility assessment. Additional mechanical protection or specialized cable construction may be required in areas with severe industrial exposure.

Rural Power Grids

Rural distribution networks may cover long distances and serve homes, agricultural facilities, workshops, irrigation systems, and community infrastructure. Accessibility, installation cost, and ease of maintenance are important considerations. The lightweight and comparatively simple construction of the JKY cable can support transportation and overhead installation across rural routes.

The product’s available conductor range makes it possible to adapt the cable selection to different load densities and feeder lengths. For longer routes, voltage-drop calculations are particularly important. Engineers should select the conductor cross-section based on both present demand and anticipated future expansion.

Mining and Remote Outdoor Locations

Mining areas and remote sites may require overhead low-voltage lines for temporary or permanent facilities. These environments can experience vibration, dust, temperature variation, wind, and difficult access. The product’s weather-resistant insulation and flexible installation characteristics can support distribution routes in suitable mining-area applications.

Mining projects require careful evaluation of site-specific hazards. Where the cable is exposed to vehicle traffic, falling materials, abrasion, blasting effects, or severe mechanical impact, additional protection and specialized mining cable designs may be more appropriate. The JKY cable should be selected for locations and service conditions that remain within its intended low-voltage aerial distribution application.

Manufacturing Capabilities and Quality Strengths

The manufacturer integrates research and development, production, and sales within one cable organization. Its production base covers approximately 5,000 square meters and includes ten automated production lines. This manufacturing structure supports repeatable processing, coordinated production planning, and quality control across multiple stages of cable manufacture.

A monthly production capacity of up to 10 million meters provides the scale needed for standard cable orders, project supply programs, and recurring distribution requirements. Production capacity alone does not determine product quality, but it can support stable delivery schedules when combined with effective planning, qualified personnel, process control, and material management.

Experienced Technical and Quality Personnel

The company employs more than 50 people, including quality engineers and research and development technicians with more than ten years of industry experience. Experienced technical personnel are important in cable manufacturing because conductor preparation, insulation extrusion, dimensional control, electrical testing, and packaging all influence final performance.

A dedicated quality function can help verify incoming materials, monitor process conditions, inspect finished cable, and maintain test records. Research and development personnel can support modifications to conductor construction, insulation color, dimensions, self-supporting designs, and other customer-specific requirements.

Automated Production and Process Consistency

Automated production lines can improve process repeatability by controlling conductor feeding, insulation extrusion, cooling, diameter monitoring, take-up, and length measurement. In an XLPE-insulated cable, stable extrusion conditions are especially important because insulation thickness, concentricity, surface quality, and material integrity directly affect electrical performance.

Automation also helps reduce variation between production batches when equipment is correctly calibrated and operated according to approved process parameters. Consistent production supports more predictable installation because cable dimensions and accessory fit are easier to manage.

Full-Core and Full-Length Quality Assurance

The manufacturer emphasizes full-core and full-length production for standard cable models. This approach is relevant to power cables because localized defects may not be evident from a short sample alone. Continuous process monitoring and finished-product testing help provide greater confidence that the cable performs consistently along its supplied length.

Product test reports can be provided for applicable cable models. These reports may document key electrical, dimensional, and performance checks completed during production. Customers should confirm the exact inspection scope, test standards, report format, and acceptance criteria for each project before placing an order.

Pure Copper Specifications

The stated product configuration uses copper conductors. Copper quality, conductor resistance, strand construction, surface condition, and compaction all contribute to current-carrying performance and connection reliability. Material verification and conductor resistance testing are therefore important parts of a responsible cable production process.

Using a defined copper conductor specification also supports compatibility with common termination hardware. For projects with strict electrical requirements, purchasers can request conductor material documentation, test reports, dimensional data, and applicable quality records as part of the technical approval process.

OEM and ODM Development

The manufacturer supports OEM and ODM development based on customer drawings or samples. This capability is valuable when a project requires a particular conductor arrangement, insulation color, marking method, packaging format, length, or self-supporting construction.

Customized cable development should begin with a clear technical specification. Important details include rated voltage, conductor material, conductor class, cross-section, insulation material, insulation thickness, operating temperature, color, outer diameter, mechanical requirements, test standards, packaging, and expected annual volume. Early technical communication helps reduce misunderstandings and allows the production team to determine whether the requested design is suitable for the intended service.

Installation Recommendations

Route Planning

Before installation, the route should be surveyed for span length, support positions, crossing points, clearance, environmental hazards, and access requirements. The design should account for buildings, roads, trees, other electrical circuits, communication lines, and possible future construction.

Although insulated overhead cable provides additional protection compared with bare conductors, it must still be installed with appropriate clearances and support arrangements. Local electrical codes, utility requirements, and occupational safety rules should govern the final design.

Handling and Pulling

Cable reels should be inspected before use to confirm that the cable ends, drum flanges, markings, and protective coverings are intact. Reels should be moved and stored in a manner that prevents impact, water ingress, deformation, and uncontrolled rolling.

During pulling and positioning, the cable should not be dragged over sharp surfaces or subjected to forces beyond the approved installation method. Excessive pulling tension can damage the conductor or insulation even when no visible defect appears immediately. Appropriate rollers, guides, and lifting equipment should be used where necessary.

Bending Radius

The minimum bending radius during installation is eight times the cable outer diameter. During operation, the minimum bending radius is twelve times the outer diameter. These requirements should be observed near poles, supports, terminations, corners, and connection points.

Sharp bends can create concentrated stress in the insulation and may affect conductor flexibility. Installers should avoid forcing the cable into position and should use compatible accessories designed for the actual cable diameter.

Tension and Suspension Hardware

Matching tension clamps and suspension clamps are recommended for aerial installation. The correct hardware helps distribute mechanical forces and reduces the risk of localized pressure on the insulation. For self-supporting models, the messenger wire and support arrangement must be selected according to the span, cable weight, wind loading, and installation design.

Clamps should be tightened according to the accessory manufacturer’s instructions. Excessive tightening may deform the insulation, while insufficient tightening may allow movement or slippage. Hardware should be inspected after installation and periodically during maintenance.

Connections and Terminations

Terminations and joints should be completed using accessories compatible with the cable’s conductor material, cross-section, insulation diameter, and rated voltage. The conductor should be prepared without unnecessary strand damage, and exposed insulation edges should be clean and free from cuts or contamination.

Connection torque, contact surface preparation, sealing, and weather protection are essential to long-term performance. Poorly installed connections can create localized heating even when the cable itself is correctly manufactured. All electrical work should be performed by qualified personnel using approved procedures.

Testing and Compliance Considerations

The product information specifies a 3.5 kV AC withstand test for five minutes. This test is intended to verify insulation integrity under a defined electrical stress. It is listed both as the test voltage and as the power-frequency withstand voltage requirement.

The cable also passes the IEC 60332-1 single vertical flame test according to the provided product specifications. This test result indicates compliance with the stated single-cable vertical flame performance requirement. It should not be interpreted as a complete fire-survival, low-smoke, halogen-free, or flame-retardant system classification unless those additional properties have been separately tested and documented.

UV resistance is specified at an outdoor insulation rating of at least Grade 7. Water resistance is evaluated through the stated insulation resistance change rate after 24-hour immersion. These performance indicators are useful when assessing suitability for outdoor distribution, but the final selection should also consider local environmental exposure, installation geometry, and accessory protection.

Customers should request current technical documentation when purchasing. Depending on the project, this may include a product datasheet, conductor resistance information, insulation test results, dimensional records, routine test reports, material declarations, and quality certificates. The required documents should be agreed upon before production or shipment.

Environmental and Service-Life Considerations

The JKY cable is intended for outdoor use in ambient temperatures from -40°C to +90°C and at altitudes up to 1,000 meters under the stated conditions. These parameters provide a general application framework, but actual service life depends on many factors, including electrical loading, solar exposure, wind, support spacing, installation quality, mechanical movement, pollution, and maintenance.

Correct conductor sizing helps prevent unnecessary thermal stress. Avoiding excessive bending and selecting suitable clamps helps protect the insulation mechanically. Regular visual inspection can identify damaged supports, loose hardware, unusual sag, abrasion, contamination, or signs of overheating before a more serious failure occurs.

In areas with heavy snow, strong wind, coastal salt, chemical contamination, or severe pollution, the standard product should be reviewed against the actual environmental conditions. Additional design measures or alternative cable constructions may be necessary. The product’s stated performance should always be considered together with the complete installation system.

Supply, Customization, and Project Support

The manufacturer offers standard cable models for regular requirements and supports customized production for defined project specifications. Standard products may be stocked for faster shipment, while customized products generally require a lead time of approximately seven to twenty days, depending on the design, order quantity, production schedule, and approval process.

Customers can discuss insulation color, conductor construction, self-supporting arrangements, messenger-wire configurations, marking, packaging, and other project requirements. Color customization can help identify phases or distinguish circuits. However, color coding should follow the applicable electrical code and the customer’s approved design documentation.

Technical engineers provide product selection guidance and tailored cable design support. This is useful when a project involves unusual route conditions, a specific installation accessory, special packaging, or an OEM requirement. Providing accurate information about load, voltage, environment, span, installation method, and expected service life allows the technical team to recommend a more appropriate configuration.

Why This Cable Is a Practical Choice

The JKY aerial insulated cable combines several characteristics that are important for low-voltage overhead distribution: a conductive copper core, XLPE insulation, a broad cross-section range, outdoor UV resistance, water resistance, flexible installation, and a long-term operating temperature of up to 90°C.

Its advantages are not based on one feature alone. The product provides a balanced solution in which electrical efficiency, thermal capability, environmental resistance, installation convenience, and maintenance practicality support one another. Copper contributes low resistance and reliable power transmission. XLPE improves thermal and mechanical performance. The insulated aerial configuration offers additional protection compared with bare overhead conductors. The available conductor sizes support both small and relatively high-capacity low-voltage circuits.

The manufacturing organization further strengthens the product offering through automated production lines, experienced engineering personnel, quality management, OEM and ODM capability, test documentation, and large-scale supply capacity. These capabilities can be valuable for distributors, utility contractors, industrial developers, and engineering companies that need both standard products and project-specific cable solutions.

For applications at 1 kV and below, the cable offers an effective combination of cost-conscious construction and reliable outdoor performance. Polyethylene-based insulation helps keep the overall design economical, while XLPE improves temperature resistance and service stability. The lightweight structure also supports transportation and overhead installation without the complexity associated with many heavier cable systems.

Q&A

What is the rated voltage of the JKY aerial insulated cable?

The cable has a rated voltage of 0.6/1 kV and is intended for low-voltage overhead distribution systems operating at 1 kV and below.

What conductor material is used?

The standard conductor is copper. It can be supplied as a solid or stranded conductor, depending on the required cross-section and installation characteristics.

What conductor sizes are available?

The stated cross-section range is from 10 mm² to 400 mm². The appropriate size should be selected according to load current, voltage drop, route length, ambient conditions, and future capacity requirements.

Why is XLPE used as the insulation?

XLPE provides good electrical insulation together with improved heat resistance, mechanical strength, weather resistance, and resistance to environmental stress cracking. It supports a long-term operating temperature of up to 90°C.

Can the cable be used outdoors?

Yes. The cable is designed for outdoor overhead installation and includes UV-resistant and weather-resistant insulation characteristics. It is normally supplied with black insulation for outdoor service.

Can other insulation colors be requested?

Yes. Other colors can be customized for phase identification or other project requirements, subject to production confirmation.

Is a self-supporting version available?

Self-supporting models, including configurations with a messenger wire, can be produced. The support design should be selected according to span length, cable weight, environmental loading, and the project’s installation requirements.

What is the minimum bending radius?

The minimum bending radius is eight times the cable outer diameter during installation and twelve times the outer diameter during operation.

What temperature range is supported?

The specified long-term operating temperature range is -40°C to +90°C. The short-circuit temperature may reach up to 250°C for five seconds under the stated conditions.

Does the cable resist ultraviolet radiation?

Yes. The outdoor insulation UV resistance rating is specified as at least Grade 7.

What testing does the cable pass?

The product specification lists a 3.5 kV AC test for five minutes, insulation resistance of at least 500 MΩ·km at 20°C, a water-resistance requirement based on immersion testing, and passage of the IEC 60332-1 single vertical flame test.

Which accessories should be used?

Matching tension clamps and suspension clamps are recommended. Terminations, connectors, and other accessories should be compatible with the conductor material, cross-section, insulation diameter, rated voltage, and installation method.

Where can this cable be applied?

Typical applications include urban distribution networks, industrial parks, rural power grids, mining areas, and other outdoor low-voltage distribution projects requiring reliable and durable overhead installation.

Can the manufacturer provide customized cable designs?

Yes. OEM and ODM development is supported based on customer drawings, samples, or defined technical specifications. Customization may include conductor construction, insulation color, self-supporting arrangements, markings, packaging, and other approved requirements.

How long is the typical customized production lead time?

Customized products typically require approximately seven to twenty days, although the actual lead time depends on design complexity, order quantity, material availability, production planning, and technical approval.

Conclusion

The JKY flexible installation aerial insulated cable is designed for dependable low-voltage overhead power distribution in outdoor environments. Its copper conductor supports efficient electrical transmission, while XLPE insulation provides strong thermal, weather, UV, and mechanical performance. With conductor sizes from 10 mm² to 400 mm², a 0.6/1 kV rating, a long-term operating temperature range of -40°C to +90°C, and options for solid, stranded, and self-supporting constructions, it can serve a wide variety of distribution requirements.

The product’s value is reinforced by practical installation characteristics, defined testing requirements, flexible customization, and the manufacturer’s production capabilities. Automated production lines, experienced technical personnel, full-length quality assurance, test documentation, OEM and ODM support, and substantial monthly output provide a foundation for consistent supply and project cooperation.

When correctly selected, installed, and maintained, this aerial insulated cable can provide a cost-effective and durable alternative to conventional bare overhead conductors for systems operating at 1 kV and below. The final design should always be based on applicable standards, local regulations, environmental conditions, electrical load, mechanical loading, and qualified engineering review.

References

1. Product technical information for JKY-1KV aerial insulated cable, including construction, electrical ratings, temperature limits, and installation requirements.

2. IEC 60332-1, Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions—Part 1: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable.

3. General engineering principles for low-voltage overhead electrical distribution, conductor sizing, voltage-drop calculation, and accessory selection.

4. Manufacturer quality and production information concerning automated cable production, OEM/ODM development, testing, and customized cable supply.

Product: JKY Flexible installation Aerial Insulated Cable Rated 1KV and Below

Chen Yuxin — Overseas Sales Manager

8 years of experience in international cable sales, responsible for OEM/ODM project negotiation, customer development in North America and Australia, quotation preparation, and customized cable solution follow-up.